Tutorial+4

http://bruceowen.com/worldprehist/3250s05.htm , http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm, http://www.asa3.org/archive/evolution/199809/0121.html, http://www.icms.com.au/inqua2007/abstract/777.htm, http://www.paleodirect.com/pgset2/m177.htm [|Neanderthal Teeth]



Neanderthals lived between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago Many fossils of Neanderthal people have been found throughout Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. Fossils found in the 1990s suggest that Neanderthals were only a side branch along the pathway to modern humans. This was confirmed in 1997, molecular biologists extracted some DNA from a Neanderthal fossil and compared it to the modern man. The conclusion was that the Neanderthals were a distinct biological species - HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS They existed in Europe during the last ice ages and were adapted to that particular harsh type of environment Thus sometime in the past the lineage diverged with one branch leading to Neanderthals and another to modern man. But no one knows when this split happened
 * NEANDERTHAL:**


 * [[image:http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/images/map_of_Neandertal_range.gif width="334" height="248" align="left" caption="Neanderthal range http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/neandertal.htm"]]

THE APPEARANCE OF NEANDERTHAL PEOPLE** Neanderthal people were very modern in appearance and many of their physical characteristics were very similar to that of modern humans. Neanderthals had big faces, low but large skulls and very heavy brow ridges. Their brain was larger then that of humans today, but the shape was slightly different. the back of the skull was "bun" shaped and the lower jaw lacked a definite chin. their cheeks were swept back to give a streamline appearance. People believe that the neanderthal nose projected more and was wider then that of the modern man. the wide nose is expected to be because of the dryer, colder environment they lived in. the neanderthals were fairly short, males being slightly larger then females. they had short limbs and heavily jointed with powerful muscles so they would have been heavier then modern humans. their chest was barrel shaped and they had thick neck muscles which would have made their appearance look rugged. their brain was on average 1485 cubic centimeters and modern human brains are on average 1340 cubic centimeters. besides this the neanderthals ran, walked and used hands and feet much the same as modern humans do. Being stockier and heavily muscled the Neanderthals would of been able to live longer than modern man in cold climates. Their muscles would have acted as an insulator and their deep chest would of helped to keep their innner organs warm. Comparison of modern man skull and an neanderthal skull

The daily life of the Neanderthals would have mainly been occupied by activities such as searching and hunting for game. Many large animals which are extinct now existed during the Neanderthal period, animals like large cave bears, woolly mammoths and bison. Because of the size of most of the animal,s organized hunting parties were needed for their capture and butchering. Once butchered the meat is taken to the cave where the hunters lived, storage when needed was in pits with large stones over the top to prevent scavenging from other animals. Being kept in this manner the meat probably kept for a long time, especially during the icy periods of the year. The men probably went out hunting while the women probably went out to collect berries, roots and other plant food. Women probably also had the job of preparing hides for clothes Each of the daily tasks undertaken though were accomplished with the help of special tools constructed from flakes of stone. There is no evidence which shows this division of men and and women and what labour they did, but from looking at modern day hunter and gatherer communities an assumption can be made with this supporting the idea. Much of the insight into the ways of life of these prehistoric hunters and gatherers has come from careful observation of present day hunter-gatherers, such as the Australian Aboriginals.
 * DAILY LIFE OF THE NEANDERTHALS:**




 * Neanderthal Culture**
 * Tools:** The stone tool culture associated with Neanderthals is called the Mousterian Industry after Le Moustier in France, where the first flake tools were found in the 1860s.These flake tools were made by trimming a piece of stone into a disc-shaped core, then striking it with another hammer-like piece of stone. By repeatedly hitting the original stone a large number of flakes were knocked off. These flakes were then trimmed to form a variety of cutting, scraging, piercing, and gouging tools. Some flakes were attached to wooden shafts, a procedure called hafting. The type of tools Neanderthals used would have varied. Numerous scraping tools for preparing animal hides have been found in colder climates indicating that these Neanderthals became good clothes makers. Others seemed to have improved the tools used for particular hunting tasks.
 * Religion:** The Neanderthals made significant cultural advances. There is strong evidence that Neanderthals buried their dead and that has led scientists to suggest that they had a religious belief in life after death. Ceremonial burial seems to have been practised. Grave sites have been found where the deceased has been surronded by arranged goat horns or flowers.
 * Art :** As Neanderthals may have put their creativity into dance, costume or carving wood, none of which could be preserved, many scientists believe that the Neanderthals' ability to create art has been underestimeted. There is some evidence that Neanderthals may have used natural pigments such as red or yellow ochreand black maganese to decorate themselves and animal hides. One of the few surviving art objects dated at between 80 000 and 100 000 years old, is a polished ivory tooth from a baby mammoth.It is believed to have had some spiritual significance. A flute-like piece of bone found suggests that music may also have been a piece of Neanderthal culture.

Neandethal flute made from a fragment of cave bear bone.


 * Shelter:** In the winter Neanderthals built permenant homes to shelter from the harsh conditions. In the summer they followed the herds, and lived in tents and caves. Winter homes were built teepee style, from branches and mammoth bones, covered with animal skins. These huts were used for many years, so they built them carefully. Holes were dug, deeply into the ground. Poles were inserted into these holes, and then tied tightly together at the point of the teepee, at the top, with string made from animal guts. Warm furs were laid over this structure and sewn tightly in place. Large rocks were also piled around the bottom, to help hold the hut together.
 * Fire:** [N/neanderthal/survival_kit/firelighting.html|www.channel4.com/history/microsites/ N/neanderthal/survival_kit/firelighting.html]

Neanderthal - Homo sapien (modern man)

Around 50 000 years ago new technologies associated with modern humans - finer blades and projectile weopans - began to appear. Around 40 000 years ago modern humans moved into europe. They brought with them innnovations like clothing which had been sewn together and better shelters. This allowed them to survive the cold glacial Europe. The populations of both modern man and neanderthals were small and scattered, theough while modern man began to thrive, neanderthal populations began to decrease. Homo Sapiens survived and they possessed features far more modern than that of the neanderthals.
 * MODERN MAN-**

Cro-MAgnon people were first discovered in France. These people in contrast with the neanderthals were entirely modern in physical characteristics, and they also showed and abrupt chnage in tool making. Scientists believe that these changes occured through chnages taking place in social groups and hunting patterns.
 * EARLY DISCOVERIES OF MODERN MAN:**

the modern man was very similar in appearance to that of the neadnerthal. The modern mans skulls tend to be shorter from back to front then the neanderthals. it was higher in the region on the top of the skull and rounder at the back of the skull. they have a less prominant brow ridhe and a smaller reduction in the projection of the face, and a smaller jaw. the teeth also tended to be smaller. modern man also has a developed chin. the modern mans brain is smaller then that of a neanderthal. it is 1340 cubic centimetres compared to 1485 cubic mentimetres. The modern man is taller in height and less muscley in their appearance. the modern man does not have as wide hips as the neanderthals.
 * APPEARANCE OF THE MODERN MAN**

In 1868 a number of skeletons were found at Cro-Magnon in France. These fossils are now called the Cro-Magnon people. __Mural Art__ -Early artworks were simple outline drawings - usually very small, with very simple contours. Later in the Magdalenian period artwork became more colourful and more complex. The making of tools became important as their use in gaining access to food not otherwise available. Stone, which does not perish over time, has been found made into tools, rather than wood tools. Though inferences have been made thatv wood tools were commonly used for such things as digging sticks and wooden spears. Other traces of tools show the use of animal bones and antlers, during the magdalenian period tools were made in order to make other tools, thisshows a significant advance in tool making. Bone, antler and ivory had many advantages over wood and stone for tool making. Thye were less brittle, stronger and more easily worked than wood, and supply was plentiful.
 * MODERN MAN**
 * Shelter:**To avoid the cold conditions, Cro-Magnon people sheltered in caves and over-hanging rock ledges, like the Neanderthals. Homes became more permanent and this allowed for other cultural pursuits to be followed.
 * Religion:**Cro-Magnon people believed in existence after death. Burial sites have been found with indications that the dead were coloured with red ochre, and covered with bracelets and necklaces made from ivory beads.
 * Art:**__Portable Art__ -Statues, figurines and decorated tools have been found, made from stone, ivory, bone, horn and in some cases modelled clay.
 * TOOLS:**

Table showing approximate age ranges and cultural peroids of neanderthals and homo sapians.
 * **common name** || **scientific name** || **approx. age range** || **type location** || **cultural period** ||
 * Neanderthal || Homo neanderthalensis || 125 000- 35000 || western europe || mousterian - manufacture of flake tools ||
 * Cro-Magnon || Homo sapiens || 35 000 - 20 000 || aurignac france || aurignacian - manufacture of blade tools ||
 * Cro-Magnon || Homo Sapiens || 20 000 - 18 000 || solutre france || solutrean - pressure flaking to retouch blades ||
 * Cro-Magnon || Homo Sapiens || 19 000 - 10 000 || france || magdalenian - predominance of bone and antler tools, and artwork ||

QUESTIONS - 1)When did Nenanderthals live?

2)What are three appearance characteristics of the Neanderthal people?

3)Describe the daily life of a male Nenaderthal.

4)Explain why this (the above answer) can only be an assumption made?

5)Describe Neanderthal art?

6)How are Neanderthals and Modern man different? use a list for your answer -

7)What is the name of the group of modern man which outlived Neanderthals?

8)What did modern man believe in, religion wise?